Tiger - Wikipedia. The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, most recognisable for their pattern of dark vertical stripes on reddish- orange fur with a lighter underside. The species is classified in the genus Panthera with the lion, leopard, jaguar and snow leopard. Tigers are apex predators, primarily preying on ungulates such as deer and bovids. They are territorial and generally solitary but social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey requirements. This, coupled with the fact that they are indigenous to some of the more densely populated places on Earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans. Tigers once ranged widely across eastern Eurasia, from the Black Sea in the west, to the Indian Ocean in the south, and from Kolyma to Sumatra in the east.
Over the past 1. 00 years, they have lost 9. Western and Central Asia, from the islands of Java and Bali, and from large areas of Southeast, Southern and Eastern Asia. Today, they range from the Siberian taiga to open grasslands and tropical mangrove swamps. The remaining six tiger subspecies have been classified as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The global population in the wild is estimated to number between 3,0.
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Indian subcontinent. The extent of area occupied by tigers is estimated at less than 1,1. In 2. 01. 6, wildlife conservation group at WWF declared that world's count of wild tigers has risen for the first time in a century. They have featured prominently in ancient mythology and folklore, and continue to be depicted in modern films and literature.
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They appear on many flags, coats of arms, and as mascots for sporting teams. The tiger is the national animal of Bangladesh, India, Malaysia and South Korea.
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Taxonomy and etymology. In 1. 75. 8, Linnaeus described the tiger in his work Systema Naturae and gave it the scientific name. Felis tigris. The derivation from Greekpan- (.
The original source may have been the Persiantigra meaning pointed or sharp and the Avestantigrhi meaning an arrow, perhaps referring to the speed with which a tiger launches itself at its prey. Genetic analysis indicates that the tiger and the snow leopard diverged from the other Panthera species about 2. This species is considered to be a sister taxon to the extant tiger and lived about 2 million years ago, at the beginning of the Pleistocene.
It was smaller than the modern tiger, being the size of a jaguar, and probably did not have the same coat pattern. Despite being considered more . As Panthera zdanskyi lived in northwestern China, that may have been where the tiger lineage originated.
Tigers grew in size, possibly in response to adaptive radiations of prey species like deer and bovids which may have occurred in Southeast Asia during the early Pleistocene. Distinct fossils are known from the early and middle Pleistocene deposits in China and Sumatra. A subspecies called the Trinil tiger (Panthera tigris trinilensis) lived about 1. Trinil in Java. As evidenced by Sandra Herrington, some fossil skulls that are morphologically distinct from lion skulls could indicate however that tigers might have been present in Alaska within the last 1. Until the Holocene, tigers also lived in Borneo, as well as on the island of Palawan in the Philippines.
It and other cat genomes were found to have similar repeat composition and an appreciably conserved synteny. Two, the Trinil and Japanese tigers, became extinct in prehistoric times. Their core historical range in South Asia (Afghanistan, India, Pakistan), Eastern Asia (China, Mongolia, North Korea, Siberia, South Korea) and South East Asia, including three Indonesian islands, is severely constricted today, notwithstanding key extinct populations in the Black Sea (Iran, Georgia, Southern Russia, Turkey) and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan).
The modern subspecies are: Surviving subspecies of tiger. Subspecies. Description. Image. Bengal tiger (P. In 2. 01. 1, the total adult population was estimated at 1,5. It is the second- largest of the surviving subspecies. Males attain a total nose- to- tail length of 2. In 2. 01. 0 the total population was estimated at about 3.
The last native wild tiger in Singapore was shot dead in 1. As of 2. 01. 5, there an estimated population of 4. Russian Far East. Males have a head and body length of between 1. Tail length is about 6. Males range in total length from 2.
The South China tiger is considered to be the most ancient of the tiger subspecies and is distinguished by a particularly narrow skull, long muzzle nose, rhombus- like stripes and vivid orange colour. Listed as a distinct subspecies as of 1. Males range in total length from 2. This subspecies also has the darkest coat, with more narrowly spaced stripes and a longer mane and beard. The authors of this analysis suggest to group the Bengal, Indochinese, Malayan, South China, and Siberian tiger subspecies to the Continental tiger Panthera tigris tigris; and the Sumatran, Javan and Bali tiger subspecies to the Sunda tiger Panthera tigris sondaica.
This classification is intended to facilitate tiger conservation management, both regarding breeding programmes in zoos and future translocations in the wild. Such hybrids were once commonly bred in zoos, but this is now discouraged due to the emphasis on conservation. Hybrids are still bred in private menageries and in zoos in China. They share physical and behavioural qualities of both parent species (spots and stripes on a sandy background). Male ligers are sterile, but female ligers are often fertile. Males have about a 5.
Ligers are typically between 1. Like ligers, they have physical and behavioural traits from both parental species, and males are sterile. Females are sometimes fertile and have occasionally given birth to litigons when mated to a lion. The pelage is dense and heavy; colouration varies between shades of orange and brown with white ventral areas and distinctive vertical black stripes, whose patterns are unique to each individual. They have a mane- like heavy growth of fur around the neck and jaws and long whiskers, especially in males. The pupils are circular with yellow irises. The small, rounded ears have a prominent white spot on the back, surrounded by black.
The skull of a lion has broader nasal openings. However, due to variation in skulls of the two species, the structure of the lower jaw is a more reliable indicator of species. A wild specimen, having no natural predators, could in theory live to a comparable age.
Females vary in total length from 2. This is considerably larger than the weight of 7. Sumatran tiger. At the shoulder, tigers may variously stand 0. The size difference between males and females is proportionally greater in the larger tiger subspecies, with males weighing up to 1. Genetically, whiteness is recessive: a cub is white only when both parents carry the allele for whiteness.
This has given white tigers a greater likelihood of being born with physical defects, such as cleft palate, scoliosis (curvature of the spine), and strabismus (squint). Attempts have been made to cross white and orange tigers to remedy this, often mixing with other subspecies in the process. Golden tigers have thicker than usual light- gold fur, pale legs, and faint orange stripes. Few golden tigers are kept in captivity; they are invariably at least part Bengal.
Some golden tigers carry the white tiger gene. These wholly or partially melanistic tigers, if they exist, are assumed to be intermittent mutations rather than a distinct species.
However, while some felids do exhibit this colouration as a solid coat, there is no known genetic configuration that would result in black stripes on a blue- gray background. In between, tigers roamed what is today Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Georgia, southern Russia, Syria, Turkey and eastern Ukraine (as part of the Black Sea region),Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Nepal (comprising South Asia), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan (composing Central Asia) China, Mongolia, North Korea, Siberia and South Korea (constituting East Asia) and South East Asia (Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam). Fossil remains indicate tigers were also present in Beringia and the Yukon in the north, Japan to the east, and Borneo and Palawan in the Philippines in the south during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. They were extirpated on the island of Bali in the 1. Caspian Sea in the 1. Java in the 1. 98.
This was the result of habitat loss and the ongoing killing of tigers and tiger prey. Today, their significantly fragmented and depopulated range extends eastward from India to Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, North Korea and Russia. The northern limit of their range is close to the Amur River in southeastern Siberia. The only large island they still inhabit is Sumatra. In the decade from 1. Compared to the lion, the tiger prefers denser vegetation, for which its camouflage colouring is ideally suited, and where a single predator is not at a disadvantage compared with the multiple felines in a pride. In various parts of their range they inhabit or have inhabited additionally partially open grassland and savanna as well as taiga forests and rocky habitats.
Biology and behaviour. Tigers are comfortable in water and frequently bathe.
Social activity. Adult tigers lead largely solitary lives. They establish and maintain territories but have much wider home ranges within which they roam. Resident adults of either sex generally confine their movements to their home ranges, within which they satisfy their needs and those of their growing cubs. Individuals sharing the same area are aware of each other's movements and activities. A tigress may have a territory of 2.